🛰️ AUTONOMOUS TRACKING SYSTEM

Two-Axis LEO Satellite
Rectenna Controller

Developing an affordable, open-source tracking system for Space-Based Solar Power reception from Low Earth Orbit satellites using embedded control and predictive algorithms

±1°
Angular Precision
~$565
Total Budget
3
Prototype Versions
Institution Western Sydney University
Unit Code ENGR7028
Supervisor Upul Gunawardana
Timeline Aug 2025 - May 2026
Status ⚡ Active Development

01 Research Context

🌍

The Problem

LEO satellites move rapidly across the sky (completing orbit in 90-120 minutes), requiring ground rectennas to continuously track and adjust alignment to maintain efficient microwave power reception for Space-Based Solar Power systems.

🎯

My Solution

A low-cost, open-source two-axis autonomous tracking controller using Arduino/ESP32, predictive orbital algorithms (Skyfield), and closed-loop PID control to maintain sub-degree alignment accuracy.

⚙️

Innovation

Combining sensor fusion (IMU + encoders), real-time TLE data processing, and embedded control to create an affordable alternative to commercial systems costing 10x more.

02 System Architecture

Orbital Prediction
Skyfield TLE Data SGP4 Algorithm
↓
Control Processing
ESP32 MCU PID Controller Serial Communication
↓
Feedback System
IMU (MPU6050) Rotary Encoders Sensor Fusion
↓
Actuation
Servo Motors Azimuth/Elevation Two-Axis Motion

03 Prototype Evolution

V1
✓ Completed

Proof of Concept

Sept - Nov 2025

Structure Foamboard
Controller Arduino Uno
Servos MG996R
Control Open-loop (Joystick)
Accuracy ±1.1°
✓ Validated dual-axis motion
✓ Power isolation successful
✓ Mechanical feasibility proven
Prototype 1 Electronics Control System
V2
⚙️ In Progress

Closed-Loop Control

Jan - Feb 2026

Structure 9mm MDF
Controller ESP32
Servos DS3240
Control PID Feedback
Target <0.5° accuracy
→ IMU integration (MPU6050)
→ Rotary encoder feedback
→ PID algorithm tuning
→ Dual-power rail optimization
V3
📅 Planned

Full Automation

Mar - Apr 2026

Structure Aluminum
Processing Raspberry Pi + ESP32
Tracking Skyfield Integration
Operation Fully Autonomous
Testing Field Validation
→ Real-time TLE processing
→ Predictive satellite tracking
→ Weather-resistant housing
→ Performance benchmarking

04 Technologies & Tools

Hardware

Arduino Uno ESP32 MCU Raspberry Pi MG996R Servos DS3240 Servos MPU6050 IMU Rotary Encoders BTS7960 Drivers

Software

C++ (Arduino) Python Skyfield PID Control Serial Communication MATLAB

Design Tools

Fusion 360 FEA Analysis CAD Modeling GitHub

05 Research Contributions

01

Technical Innovation

Demonstrates advanced orbital prediction and closed-loop control achievable on affordable embedded platforms, making SBSP research more accessible.

02

Educational Platform

Provides open-source, replicable learning framework for students to explore orbital mechanics, control theory, and sustainable energy systems.

03

Cost Efficiency

Achieves sub-degree tracking accuracy at ~$565 total cost—approximately 10% of commercial satellite tracking systems.

06 Project Gallery

Prototype 2 Main Assembly
V2 Complete Assembly with Dish Mount
V1 Front View
V1 Proof of Concept
Electronics
Arduino & Servo Integration
Rectenna Detail
Rectenna Array Close-up
Control System
Control System Wiring
Testing Setup
Testing Configuration

Interested in This Research?

This project is open-source and documented for educational replication

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